Spiritualism/Spiritism

The World of Spiritism and Spiritualism

Preface

Bridging the Worlds of the Living and the Dead is a concept that appears in various cultures and belief systems. It often involves communication or interaction between the realm of the living and the spiritual or afterlife realm of the deceased. This can be achieved through various means such as mediumship, ancestor veneration, religious rituals, or spiritual practices.

Spiritualism and spiritism are related concepts but have distinct differences

Spiritism and Spiritualism are two distinct philosophical movements that share some commonalities but have unique beliefs and practices. Both movements emerged in the 19th century, capturing the imagination of many and providing comfort to those seeking answers about life beyond death. Many might confuse Spiritism with Spiritualism, but there are vital differences.

Spiritism is more structured and philosophical, emphasizing the evolution of the spirit and moral teachings. Spiritualism, in contrast, tends to focus on personal experiences, communication with the dead, and the practice of mediumship. Both movements have contributed to the broader understanding of spirituality, fostering a sense of community among believers and providing a framework for exploring the mysteries of existence.

What is Spiritism?

Spiritism offers a unique perspective on the relationship between the physical and spiritual dimensions of existence, blending scientific principles with spiritual insights to create a holistic worldview that promotes personal growth and enlightenment. Through its teachings on reincarnation, the immortality of the soul, mediumship, self-improvement, and karma, spiritism provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the purpose and meaning of life, offering guidance and support to individuals seeking to deepen their spiritual understanding and cultivate virtues of the soul. As a philosophy that seeks to reconcile science, philosophy, and religion, spiritism offers a valuable perspective on the nature of reality and the possibilities for personal growth and spiritual development in the modern world. It provides comfort and healing to those in need. Whether seeking personal guidance or spiritual enlightenment, Spiritism offers a unique perspective on life, death, and the afterlife.

Continuous Existence

The soul is eternal and continues to evolve and learn beyond physical existence.

Many misunderstand what Spiritism is all about. It’s important to clarify some common misconceptions:

Not a Religion: Many view Spiritism as a religion, but it is more of a philosophy. It does not strictly dictate moral values or practices but offers paths for personal growth. Spirit Worship: Unlike some religious practices, Spiritists don’t worship spirits. Instead, they respect their existence and value their counsel.

Ghosts and Hauntings: Spiritism emphasizes positive interactions with spirits. While people may think Spiritism is largely about hauntings and fear, it focuses on love and learning.

The Origins of a Spiritual Dialogue in the mid-19th century

Spiritism, founded by French educator Allan Kardec, is a philosophical doctrine that emerged in the 19th century. Spiritism gained popularity in Europe and the Americas during that time, attracting followers who were intrigued by its teachings on the afterlife and the spiritual realm. Allan Kardec, whose real name was Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail, played a key role in organizing and codifying the principles of Spiritism through his writings and lectures. He attended numerous séances, meticulously documenting the communications received through mediums – individuals believed to possess the ability to channel spirits. His work, including "The Spirits' Book" and "The Mediums' Book," laid the foundation for the movement and continues to influence its practice today. It is based on the idea that spirits of the deceased communicate with the living through mediums, providing guidance and wisdom to help individuals navigate life's challenges. Spiritism is rooted in the principles of reincarnation, the immortality of the soul, and the existence of a universal intelligence that governs the universe. It is not a religion per se, but rather a philosophy that seeks to reconcile science, philosophy, and religion to provide a comprehensive worldview that promotes personal growth and spiritual development.

In the early 1850s, Kardec became interested in the phenomenon of table-turning, which was part of the spiritualist movement that had begun in the United States. He attended séances and began to investigate these occurrences, which he believed were a form of communication with the spirits of the deceased. Through his research and the mediumship of several individuals, he developed a set of principles that he published in his seminal work "Le Livre des Esprits" ("The Spirits' Book") in 1857. This book laid the foundation for the philosophy and practice of Spiritism.

Kardec's work is heavily influenced by his belief in the existence of a spiritual realm and the continuous evolution of souls through multiple lives. His main contributions include the concept of reincarnation, the idea that mediums can communicate with the spirit world, and the development of a set of ethical guidelines for such communication. He published several other books, including "The Mediums' Book," "The Gospel According to Spiritism," and "Heaven and Hell," which further elaborated on the principles of Spiritism.

Kardec's teachings emphasized moral development, charity, and the pursuit of scientific knowledge. He believed that the study of spirit phenomena could lead to a deeper understanding of the natural laws governing the universe and the existence of God. His work had a significant impact on the spiritualist movement in Europe and South America, particularly in Brazil, where Spiritism has become an influential religion.

The core beliefs of Spiritism, as outlined by Kardec, include the existence of an immortal soul that progresses through multiple reincarnations, the law of cause and effect (or karma), and the possibility of communicating with the spirits of the dead for guidance and understanding. His system of thought also includes a hierarchy of spirits and the idea that mediums can serve as intermediaries between the material and spiritual worlds.

In addition to his work as a spiritualist, Kardec was an advocate for educational reform and was involved in various social and humanitarian causes. His approach to spiritualism was marked by its attempt to reconcile scientific inquiry with religious belief.

Through his writings and activities, he aimed to create a more just and compassionate society based on the spiritual laws that he believed governed the universe.

Key Principles and Beliefs. Spiritism in Practice

Core Beliefs - Core Tenets

Spiritism is built upon several core tenets. Practically, Spiritism manifests in various ways.

The beliefs in Spiritism can be summarized in a few key points:

Reincarnation

One of the key tenets of spiritism is the belief in reincarnation, the idea that the soul undergoes multiple lifetimes on earth to learn and evolve spiritually. According to spiritism, each lifetime presents opportunities for growth and self-improvement, with experiences and challenges serving as lessons to help individuals progress on their spiritual journey. This belief in reincarnation is central to the spiritist worldview, as it provides a framework for understanding the purpose and meaning of life beyond the physical realm.

The doctrine asserts that spirits are reborn into new bodies through the process of reincarnation. This allows for spiritual evolution and learning through different life experiences.

Reincarnation: This is a central tenet of Spiritism. The soul undergoes a series of incarnations in different physical bodies, each offering opportunities for growth and learning. Through experience in various lives, the soul gradually overcomes imperfections and approaches spiritual perfection.

Spiritism is based on the belief in the existence of an immortal soul that continues to evolve through multiple lifetimes. Reincarnation plays a significant role in Spiritism, with the idea that each soul learns and grows through various experiences on Earth. Spiritists also believe in the existence of a higher power or universal intelligence that guides and supports all beings.

While not universal, many Spiritualists today commonly accept reincarnation. Despite the traditional church preaching that Jesus rose from the dead and raised Lazarus the church denounces reincarnation completely. This is a key sticking point between the church and both Spiritist’s and Spiritualist’s philosophies.

Existence of Spirits

Existence of the Spirit World: A belief in a realm where spirits reside after physical death.

Spiritists believe that humans are not merely physical beings but have a spiritual essence. After death, the spirit continues to exist and can communicate with the living.

Another fundamental belief in spiritism is the immortality of the soul, which posits that consciousness persists beyond physical death. According to spiritism, the spirit continues to exist and evolve in the spirit world after the body dies, with opportunities for growth and learning in the afterlife. This belief in the eternal nature of the soul offers comfort and reassurance to those who have lost loved ones, providing a sense of continuity and connection that transcends the bounds of mortality.

Moral Development

Spiritism emphasizes the importance of moral and ethical behavior. It encourages individuals to cultivate virtues such as compassion, humility, and love to progress spiritually.

Communication with Spirits

Communication with Spirits through mediums.

Spiritists often engage in practices aimed at communication with the spirit world, such as mediumship, where individuals known as mediums act as intermediaries between the living and the spirits.

These communications can provide guidance, comfort, and insight into the spiritual world. However, Spiritism emphasizes caution and discernment, urging followers to analyze the messages received critically and ethically.

In addition to communicating with spirits, spiritists also emphasize the importance of self-improvement and personal growth. Spiritism teaches that individuals have the power to overcome their weaknesses and develop their virtues through self-reflection, moral development, and spiritual practice. By cultivating qualities such as love, humility, and compassion, individuals can align themselves with the universal intelligence that governs the universe and strive towards spiritual enlightenment.

Study and Investigation

Spiritism advocates for the study and investigation of spiritual phenomena through rational inquiry and personal experience, aligning itself closely with scientific methods.

Study and Reflection: Spiritists engage in regular study and reflection on the doctrines and principles outlined in Kardec's works, seeking to deepen their understanding of themselves and the universe.

Mediumistic Meetings: Groups often gather in structured settings for mediumistic meetings, where mediums attempt to channel spirits. These meetings are typically conducted with a focus on ethical communication and the betterment of all involved.

Charitable Activities: Spiritism emphasizes the importance of practical action through charitable work. Spiritist centers often engage in community outreach, providing assistance to those in need.

Law of Cause and Effect (Karma)

Spiritism also places a strong emphasis on the idea of karma, the concept that individuals are responsible for their actions and will face the consequences of their deeds in this life or the next. Actions, thoughts, and intentions create consequences that shape an individual's future lives. This reinforces the importance of ethical behavior and striving for moral improvement. Karma is seen as a mechanism of balance and justice that governs the universe, rewarding good deeds and punishing harmful actions. By understanding the principles of karma, spiritists seek to live in harmony with the universal laws of cause and effect, taking responsibility for their choices and actions to promote personal growth and spiritual evolution.

The Importance of Charity and Moral Improvement

Spiritism stresses the importance of actively practicing charity, compassion, moral and ethical values, kindness, compassion, respect for all beings and self-improvement. Helping others and striving for inner goodness are seen as crucial steps on the path to spiritual evolution.

Personal Responsibility, emphasizing the importance of individual actions and their spiritual consequences.

The teachings of Spiritism have influenced various movements and philosophies worldwide, promoting ideas of coexistence, moral improvement, and the interconnectedness of humanity.

Spiritism can provide comfort, healing, and guidance to those who are struggling with grief, loss, or life's challenges. The messages relayed through mediums can offer insights and perspectives that may not be accessible through conventional means.

Spiritism also promotes personal growth, self-awareness, and empathy for others, fostering a deeper connection to the spiritual world.

A Continuing Dialogue:

The teachings of Spiritism have influenced various movements and philosophies worldwide, promoting ideas of coexistence, moral improvement, and the interconnectedness of humanity.

Spiritism continues to evolve and adapt to contemporary challenges. It offers a unique perspective on the interconnectedness of the physical and spiritual worlds, providing a framework for understanding life, death, and the pursuit of spiritual growth. Whether viewed as a religious doctrine, a philosophical system, or a scientific inquiry, Spiritism remains a significant force in shaping the spiritual landscape of the 21st century, prompting ongoing dialogue and reflection on fundamental questions about the nature of existence.

Conclusion

Spiritism introduces us to a deeper understanding of the spiritual realm and encourages personal growth. It challenges us to consider our actions, reflect on our lives, and develop our intelligence through love and service to others.

As we navigate our lives, the teachings of Spiritism remind us of the connections we share—both with each other and with those who have come before us. If you are curious about Spiritism, consider reading more about it or connecting with local groups who practice and study it.

For a deeper understanding of Spiritism and its principles, you may consider exploring Allan Kardec's works and modern interpretations from available resources. Always approach with an open mind and a desire to learn!

However, proponents of Spiritism argue that genuine mediumistic phenomena can be scientifically studied and that ethical guidelines can help minimize the risks of fraud and manipulation. They emphasize the positive impact that Spiritism can have on individuals and communities, providing comfort in times of grief, fostering moral values, and promoting social responsibility.

What is Spiritualism?

Spiritualism is too diverse to have a universal code of beliefs; instead, Spiritualists accept sets of more wide ranging principles.

Spiritualism is the Science, Philosophy, and Religion of continuous life, based upon the demonstrated fact of communication, by means of mediumship, with those who live in the Spirit World. Spiritualism is a religion of conviction and not conversion. For those looking for something more in their lives.

Manifestations are usually performed through a medium,a person in the human world who has exceptional psychic or spiritual powers. The chief forms of manifestations consists of percussive sounds, the rising of heavy bodies in the air without contact by any one, the levitation of human beings, luminous appearances, hands which lift small bodies yet are not the hands of any one present, direct writing by a luminous hand or by the pencil alone, phantom forms and faces, performances on musical instruments by invisible agents, and so on.

Original Fox Family cottage

Spiritualism in America was born in the year 1848, in Hydesville, New York, where sisters Maggie and Kate Fox began communicating with a spirit in their home through rappings and knockings. Nothing in the spiritualistic circles of our day has been more strange, mysterious and wonderful than things that have been seen in the past centuries of the world. In all ages there have been; necromancers, those who consult with the spirit of the departed; charmers, those who put their subjects in a mesmerising state; sorcerers, those who see everything and hear everything and tell everything; dreamers, people who in their sleeping moments can see the future world and hold consolation with spirits. Modern spiritualism proposes to open the door between this world and the next and put us into communication with the dead.

From left to right

Image 1: Daniel Dunglas Home, the famous Scots-born medium of the nineteeth century, levitates himself in front of witnesses in the home of Ward Cheney in South Manchester, Connecticut on August 8, 1852. This illustration was first published in 1887 in the book Les Mystères de la science (The Mysteries of Science) by French psychical researcher Louis Figuier.

Image 2: A table levitates in front of witnesses during a séance with medium Eusapia Palladino at the home of astronomer Camille Flammarion in France on November 25, 1898.

Image 3: The medium Eva Carrière with a light manifestation between her hands and a materialization on her head. Carrière also performed under the names Eva C. and Marthe Béraud. Photograph taken in 1912 by German photographer Albert von Schrenck-Notzing (1862 – 1929).

Image left. French spirit photographer Édouard Isidore Buguet (1840-1901) demonstrates telekinesis in this hoaxed 1875 photograph titled Fluidic Effect. Buguet was arrested the same year for faking his ghost photographs and he served a year in prison.

Image right. A table levitates in front of witnesses during a séance with medium Eusapia Palladino at the home of astronomer Camille Flammarion in France on November 25, 1898.

The Religion of Spiritualism

Spiritualism defined as a science states that Spiritualism is a Science because it investigates, analyzes, and classifies facts and manifestations demonstrated from the spirit side of life.

Spiritualism’s philosophy has as its foundation in Natural Law and its phenomena. Natural Law is the law of God (Infinite Intelligence) set into motion to govern all. It is immutable and unchangeable. It is the law the controls organic and spiritual life. Natural law is the orderly working sequence of the Universe.

Spiritualism is a religious movement that emerged in the mid-19th century, primarily in the United States with the activities of the Fox sisters in 1848. It gained significant popularity during the Victorian era.. It is based on the belief that the spirits of the deceased can communicate with the living, usually through a medium, to provide guidance, insight, and sometimes physical evidence of their presence.

Philosophy and Teachings

There are many aspects of Spiritualist philosophy and teachings that can help us to understand all aspects of our lives. The philosophy of Spirit in Action is being explored more and more. It refers to the four pillars of healing, peace, respect and evolution that can help us to build a stronger, more inclusive religion as well as a better pathway for humanity.

It was heavily influenced by earlier ideas such as Mesmerism.

Spiritualism developed into a formal movement with the establishment of organizations and churches, such as the National Spiritualist Association of Churches in the United States. It provided comfort to many who had lost loved ones and sought to understand the nature of the afterlife. Over time, it also became associated with social reform movements, such as women's rights and abolitionism, as women often played prominent roles as mediums and leaders within the movement.

Despite facing skepticism and criticism, including accusations of fraud, Spiritualism remained popular through the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It influenced the development of other religious and metaphysical movements, including Theosophy and the New Thought movement. Today, it continues to have adherents who practice and believe in its principles, often incorporating elements of other spiritual traditions.

Can You Talk to the Dead? Or do we have the right to try to call back the dead?

While many people hold strong beliefs about talking to the dead. From a scientific standpoint, there is no empirical evidence that supports the idea of talking to the dead. Death is considered the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism, including brain activity. There is no evidence to suggest that consciousness or an individual's personality continues to exist after this point in a way that would allow for communication. Communication with the deceased remains a matter of personal belief, faith, and subjective experience.

The concept of communicating with the dead has been present in various cultures and belief systems throughout history. It is a controversial and complex topic that often involves supernatural or paranormal elements that are not recognized by mainstream science. However, many religions and spiritual practices include the belief in an afterlife where souls or spirits continue to exist. Some of these beliefs involve the possibility of communication with the deceased through prayer, mediums, or rituals. Some people may engage in practices such as mediumship, séances, or use of Ouija boards, which are designed to facilitate communication with the deceased. These activities are often controversial and are not universally accepted as genuine. The effectiveness and validity of such practices are widely debated and lack empirical evidence to support them as a means of direct communication with the deceased.

From a Biblical perspective, the concept of communicating with the dead, is generally considered to be a forbidden and dangerous practice. The Bible addresses this issue in several places, primarily in the Old Testament. The biblical narrative presents the afterlife as a realm beyond human experience and control, where God alone holds the power over life and death. Communicating with the dead is seen as an attempt to bypass God's sovereignty and to seek knowledge or guidance from sources other than Him. The emphasis in Christian and Jewish teachings is on faith, prayer, and seeking guidance from God and his living servants, such as prophets and teachers, rather than from the deceased.

Furthermore, the Bible teaches that after death, individuals' souls are in God's hands, and their destiny is determined by their relationship with God while they were alive. In the New Testament, Jesus Christ's resurrection is presented as the ultimate victory over death and a promise of eternal life for believers. The focus is on the hope of the resurrection and the eternal kingdom of God, rather than on maintaining contact with the deceased.

In summary, the Bible clearly discourages any attempt to communicate with the dead, emphasizing instead the importance of living a life that honors God and seeks his guidance through authorized channels such as the scriptures and his living representatives.

The Fox Sisters, Kate and Maggie Fox

They were central figures in the early Spiritualism movement, which began in 1848 in Hydesville, New York. They are best known for claiming to communicate with the spirits of the dead through a series of knocking sounds and other phenomena, which they later admitted were mostly hoaxes. Here's a brief overview of their lives and the events that led to their fame:

Early Life: The three sisters were Kate Fox (1837–1892), Leah Fox (1814–1884) and Margaret Fox (also called Maggie) (1843–1893) were born into a family with a history of spiritualist beliefs. Their mother, Margaret, often spoke of ghosts and supernatural occurrences.

The Fox family moved to a house in Hydesville, N.Y. on 11th, December, 1847 and have resided there ever since. Hydesville was a former hamlet in the town of Arcadia. They formally resided in the city of Rochester. Here they heard a noise (rapping) which sounded like someone knocking on the floor. The noise continued to be heard every night. On Friday night, 31st of March 1848, it was heard as usual. A somewhat startling discovery that certain knockings, the source of which had mystified the household of one of its residents, seemed to be intelligently guided and ready to appear at call. Communication was established by agreeing that one rap should mean "no," and three raps "yes"; to which was afterward added the device of calling off the alphabet and noting at which letters the raps occurred; in this way the spirit revealed himself. Margaretta (called Maggie) Fox and Catherine (called Kate) Fox claimed the spirit was that of a murdered peddler called Charles B. Rosma, who had been murdered and burried in the cellar.

"These supposed manifestations of spirit power created an intense excitement. The family rose from their beds and searched every portion of the house without result. The neighbors were called in and numerous questions asked, to which answers were received from the mysterious raps. By sunrise the whole village was on the spot and the little house was crowded in every part. Finally the spirit was asked to spell out his or her name by rapping at the correct letters as the alphabet was repeated. As a result the name of Charles B. Rosma was obtained and the spirit said he was a peddler who had been murdered in that house a few years before." Detroit Free Press 1892.

News of the Fox Sisters' communications with the spirit spread quickly, and they began to hold public séances. Their older sister, Leah Fox Fish (1814-1884), managed their careers and helped to spread the word about their supposed abilities. The Fox Sisters' activities coincided with a growing interest in the supernatural and the emergence of the Spiritualist movement in the United States. Their demonstrations of spirit communication were seen as evidence of life after death, and they gained a large following of believers. Their demonstrations attracted notable figures such as James Fenimore Cooper, William Lloyd Garrison, and Harriet Beecher Stowe, who became advocates for Spiritualism after witnessing the Fox Sisters' "powers." Over the years, skeptics began to question the authenticity of their communications. In 1852, Maggie Fox confessed that she had produced the knocking sounds by cracking her toe joints, but she later recanted this statement. In 1888, Kate Fox also admitted to the hoax, but again retracted her confession shortly before her death. Despite the controversy, the Fox Sisters' influence on the Spiritualist movement was significant. Their demonstrations laid the groundwork for modern Spiritualism and influenced other famous mediums like Helena Blavatsky and Harry Houdini.

"Within five years the news of this simple and childish invention had called into existence thousands of spirit-circles, had developed wonderful "mediums," through whose special gifts the manifestations were ascribed, had amassed a vast store of strange testimony, and the movement had become an epidemic; and this, too, in spite of the fact that, in 1851, the peculiar double raps occurring in the presence of these Fox sisters were satisfactorily explained as due to the rapid partial dislocation and resetting of the knee-joint, and perhaps other joints, the raps failing to occur when the Fox sisters were placed in a position in which the leverage necessary for this action was denied them and being perfectly repeated, at will, by a lady gifted with the same peculiarity. To-day spiritualists count their adherents by millions. In 1867 there were estimated to be three millions in America. They publish about one hundred journals, hailing from all parts of the world (twenty-six of them appear in America), and the manifestations have increased in number and variety. Spirit-forms are seen and hold converse; they write on slates in mysterious ways, they move tables, play musical instruments, send flowers and messages, tie knots in an endless cord, and so on; all, however, only in the presence of "mediums." The Psychology of Spiritualism. JOSEPH JASTROW. 1889.

The Spiritualist movement, while initially sparked by the Fox Sisters, grew beyond their influence and continued to flourish in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It provided a means for many to seek comfort and answers in a time of high mortality rates and great social upheaval, offering a sense of connection to the afterlife that was deeply appealing to many. Spiritualists often set March 31, 1848, as the beginning of the Spiritualism movement.

Image 1:1906. Image of spiritualists, seven women gathered in a room in Chicago, Illinois.

Image 2:The Fox sisters - Kate (1838–92), Leah (1814–90) and Margaret (1836 –93). The three of them played an important role in the founding of spritualism. Kate and Margaret were well-known mediums. Communication with the spirits of the dead started with Kate when she and her sister were living in a haunted house in Hydesville near Rochester, New York. On the day of March 3, 1848 she made contact with this invisible entity in the house who claimed to be the spirit of a person called Charles B. Rosma. The word about this unusual happening was spread to others which startlet attention into spiritualism.

Spiritualism encompasses a variety of beliefs, some core tenets include:

Survival of Consciousness After Death: The central tenet is that the human personality or soul survives physical death and continues to exist and evolve in the spirit world.

Communication with Spirits: Like Spiritism, Spiritualism believes in the possibility of communication with the dead.

Mediumship: Mediums are central to the movement, serving as intermediaries between the living and the spirit world.

No Dogma: Spiritualism tends to be less structured than Spiritism, with no specific creed or religious dogma.

Individual Responsibility: It emphasizes individual freedom and personal responsibility for one's spiritual development.

Do Spiritualists believe in God?

Yes. Their first principle, “The Fatherhood of God” refers to their acknowledgement that God is a universal presence and central to all things. Spiritualists may personally use different names for this, such as the God Force, the Divine Spirit or the Great Spirit.

However, all have their understanding that God is the source of all life and all things.

Is Spiritualism a religion?

Yes. Spiritualism is a religion in its own right. A commonly accepted definition of a religion refers to the worship of a deity. For Spiritualists this involves the worship God.

Spiritualism is an officially recognised religion,with its own Churches and educational centres.It has its own Ministers, who possess the same rights and privileges as any other religion.

Churches in America

The "National Spiritualist Association of Churches" was the first founded in 1893, with 300 churches and 10,000 members.

The "International General Assembly of Spiritualists": 250 churches and 200,000 members. - The "Universal Church of the Master" (UCM), since 1908, with 300 congregations, 1,300 ministers, and 10,000 members. The school for ordination of spiritualist ministers attend the Morris Pratt Spiritualist Institute in Whitewater, Wisconsin.

The "National Spiritual Alliance of the USA" has 40 churches with 4,000 members.

Churches in the Spiritualists' National Union hold services every week, usually led by a medium, which the public are welcome to attend.

During these services a medium will 'link' with the spirit world.

The main service takes place on Sundays and consists of prayers, hymns, a reading and a talk from a medium – usually with the help of their Spirit Guide – about the philosophy of Spiritualism and related subjects. Spiritualists say that the medium also spends some time linking with the spirit-world and passing on messages to members of the congregation. (source. Spiritualists' National Union)

The philosophy of Spiritualism is based on fundamental principles.

Declaration of Principles developed between 1899 and 1944. In October 1899, a six article "Declaration of Principles" was adopted by the National Spiritualist Association (NSA) at a convention in Chicago, Illinois. An additional two principles were added by the NSA in October 1909, at a convention in Rochester, New York. Then, in October 1944, a ninth principle was adopted by the National Spiritualist Association of Churches, at a convention in St. Louis, Missouri.

In the UK, the main organization representing spiritualism is the Spiritualists' National Union (SNU), whose teachings are based on the Seven Principles.

Declaration of Principles. Seven Principles in the UK (Source. Spiritualists' National Union)

The SNU declaration of principles provides a good basis to explain the Spiritualist view or the world.

The Fatherhood of God

The creative force in the universe is what Spiritualists know as God.

That force created life in the beginning and still does so today.

Spiritualists acknowledge God as their Father because they are part of the Life created by God.

The Brotherhood of Man

All human beings are members of one divine family because they spring from the same creative force.

Each person should understand the needs of other individuals in order to assist them.

Spiritualists must look not only to the material necessities of their fellow creatures but also to their spiritual needs.

The Communion of Spirits and the Ministry of Angels

All religions believe in life after death but only Spiritualism shows that it is true by showing that communication with departed spirits actually occurs.

Spiritualist Churches provide one of the venues where communication, through mediumship, is possible.

Many physically deceased relatives and friends take advantage of this opportunity to continue to take an interest in the welfare of the living.

The continuous existence of the human soul

Matter (being part of the creative force, or energy) cannot be destroyed; it merely changes its form. Spirit, as part of the Creative Force is, therefore, indestructible.

On the death of the physical body, the spirit continues as an integral part of the spiritual world.

The spiritual world interpenetrates this material world, but in a different dimension.

In spirit life we have a spirit body, which, until we progress far enough, is a replica of our earthly body.

Individuals in the spirit world remain the same individuals with the same personalities and characteristics.

Individuals in the spirit world only progress through their own efforts.

Individual personal responsibilities do not stop at death.

Personal responsibility

Each individual is responsible for their wrongful thoughts and deeds.

No other person, or outside influence can interfere with an individual's spiritual development, unless they allow them to.

Compensation and retribution hereafter for all the good and evil deeds done on earth

As you sow, so shall you reap.

The compensatory or retributive effects of this law operate now - they do not wait until life in the Spirit World.

Eternal progress open to every human soul

Every human spirit has the power to progress in wisdom and love.

The rate of progress is directly proportional to the desire for mental and spiritual understanding.

Each spirit always has the opportunity to reform, and to deal with the wrong things it has done in the past.

Practices

Spiritualism often involves several practices aimed at connecting with the spirit world. See. Nine Principles.

Mediumship: The practice of mediums communicating with spirits, often during séances.

Séances: Gatherings where a medium attempts to contact spirits, often in a dimly lit room to enhance the experience.

Spiritualism is a belief system that offers profound insights and guidance through communication with spirits of the deceased. It involves communication with spirits of the deceased through a medium. This practice has been around for centuries and is still widely practiced today.

Nine Principles - Information about Spiritualist Beliefs

The National Association of Spiritualist Churches in the USA has nine principles which provide more information about Spiritualist beliefs: (Source. National Association of Spiritualist Churches in the USA)

We believe in Infinite Intelligence.

We believe that the phenomena of Nature, both physical and spiritual, are the expression of Infinite intelligence.

We affirm that a correct understanding of such expression and living in accordance therewith, constitute true religion.

We affirm that the existence and personal identity of the individual continue after the change called death.

We affirm that communication with the so-called dead is a fact, scientifically proven by the phenomena of Spiritualism.

We believe that the highest morality is contained in the Golden Rule: 'Whatsoever ye would that others should do unto you do ye also unto them.'

We affirm the moral responsibility of the individual, and that we make our own happiness or unhappiness as we obey or disobey Nature's physical and spiritual laws.

We affirm that the doorway to reformation is never closed against any human soul here or hereafter.

We affirm that the precepts of Prophecy and Healing contained in all sacred texts are Divine attributes proven through Mediumship.

Simplified Form

We believe in God.

We believe that God is expressed through all Nature.

True religion is living in obedience to Nature’s Laws.

We never die.

Spiritualism proves that we can talk with people in the Spirit World.

Be kind, do good, and others will do likewise.

We bring unhappiness to ourselves by the errors we make, and we will be happy if we obey the laws of life.

Every day is a new beginning.

Prophecy and healing are expressions of God.

Séances: These are gatherings where mediums attempt to communicate with the spirits of the deceased.

Mediumship: Various forms of mediumship are practiced, such as trance speaking, channeling, and psychic readings.

Spiritual Healing: Some Spiritualists practice healing through the agency of spirits.

Development of Psychic Abilities: There is often an interest in developing one's psychic abilities and understanding the nature of the spirit world.

Reliance on Evidence: Spiritualists often seek empirical evidence of the existence of the afterlife through phenomena like materializations, ectoplasm, and spirit photography.

Is a Spiritualist service any different to the services of other religions?

Each religion expresses its faith in a unique way, but most religions will have some things in common. If you attend a Spiritualist service there will be things that you may be familiar with. For example, prayer, hymns or appropriate songs, and quiet reflection.

You may also hear a reading with thought provoking content, often taken from a diverse range of sources.

One feature that is different is the inspirational address, which is usually unprepared and inspired by the Spirit at that moment. Its purpose is to encourage thinking about our lives through the lens of Spiritualist philosophy (based on our Seven Principles).

Also common in a Spiritualist service is time given to Healing. This may simply be quiet time for the congregation to send out healing thoughts (absent healing), or a demonstration of healing by a healing medium. Healing has always been a vital part of the Spiritualist religion.

Many services also include a demonstration of evidential mediumship. This involves the medium relaying messages from the Spirit World to members of the congregation. This is not a form of entertainment, but a way of demonstrating the Spiritualist principle of the continuous existence of the human soul. It supports our philosophy, and encourages contemplation about the bigger Spiritual picture that God has provided for us.

There is also a growing interest in Spiritualism of services becoming more interactive, with the congregation taking an active part in worship. This reflects the religion's desire to inspire thought, growth, and positive action.

Mediums - Mediumship

Central to the practice of spiritualism is the role of mediums, who have the ability to communicate with spirits in the spirit world.

A Spiritualist is one who believes, as the basis of his or her religion, in the communication between this and the Spirit World by means of mediumship and who endeavors to mold his or her character and conduct in accordance with the highest teachings derived from such communication. (1914, Rev. 1938) Learn about Joining a Spiritualist Church

A Medium is one whose organism is sensitive to vibrations from the spirit world and through whose instrumentality, intelligences in that world are able to convey messages and produce the phenomena of Spiritualism. (1914)

The office of mediumship is to bless humanity, to enable the race to overcome conditions of matter sufficiently to make such the servant rather than the master of intelligent beings, to enable it to guide (through intuition) the individual for their own and others good.

Learn about becoming Certified as a Medium

The Phenomena of Spiritualism consists of both mental and physical demonstrations of mediumship. Among these are Apports, Automatic and Independent Writings and Paintings, Clairalience, Clairaudience, Clairsentience, Clairvoyance, Gift of Tongues, Healing or Laying-on-of-Hands, Levitation, Materialization, Precipitation, Prophecy, Psychometry, Raps, Spirit Photography, Trance, Transfiguration, Trumpet (Independent Voice), Visions, Voice. These and any other manifestations proving the continuity of life, as demonstrated through the physical and spiritual senses and faculties of humanity, are commonly known as mediumship Learn about Phenomenal Evidence.

Spiritualism and Christianity

Many Spiritualists believe that Christianity and Spiritualism are compatible but many Christians would disagree.

One way Christianity and Spiritualism have been combined is this code of beliefs from The Greater World Christian Spiritualist Association:

I believe in one God who is Love.

I accept the Leadership of Jesus the Christ.

I believe that God manifests through the illimitable power of holy spirit.

I believe in the survival of the soul and its individuality after physical death.

I believe in Communion with God, with His angelic ministers, and with souls functioning in conditions other than Earth Life.

I believe that all forms of Life created by God intermingle, are interdependent, and evolve until perfection is attained.

I believe in perfect justice of the Divine Laws governing all Life.

I believe that sins committed can only be rectified by the sinner himself or herself, through the redemptive power of Jesus the Christ, by repentance and service to others.

Criticism and Controversies:

Like any belief system, Spiritualism has faced its share of criticism and controversies. Skeptics often question the validity of mediumistic phenomena, attributing them to fraud, suggestibility, or psychological factors. Concerns have also been raised about the potential for manipulation and misinformation within séances.

Spiritualism has faced considerable criticism and skepticism over the years. Critics argue that many spiritualist practices lack scientific evidence and that some mediums have been exposed as frauds. Despite this, spiritualism remains an important cultural and spiritual movement for many, offering comfort, hope, and a sense of connection to something beyond the physical world.

Conclusion

Whether you’re drawn to the philosophical teachings of spiritism or the experiential practices of spiritualism, both paths offer valuable insights into the nature of life, death, and what lies beyond. Embracing these beliefs can lead to personal growth, a deeper understanding of oneself, and a stronger connection to the universe.

Hypnotism

Franz Mesmer, the founder of Mesmerism

Mesmer did not contribute religious beliefs, but he brought a technique, later known as hypnotism, that it was claimed could induce trances and cause subjects to report contact with supernatural beings.

Franz Mesmer (1734-1815), an Austrian physician studied the works of earlier scientists who believed in the power of "animal magnetism" or "magnetic fluids" within the human body. He hypothesized that an imbalance in these fluids could lead to illness and that they could be corrected with the use of magnets. In the 1770s, Mesmer began conducting experiments with magnets, claiming that he could manipulate the magnetic fields of his patients to cure various ailments. His treatments often involved placing magnets on or near their bodies. His practice grew in popularity, particularly in France. In 1784, Mesmer's methods were scrutinized by a French Royal Commission, which included notable figures such as Benjamin Franklin and Antoine Lavoisier. The commission concluded that there was no scientific basis for Mesmer's magnetic cures and attributed the results to imagination and suggestion. Despite the skepticism from the scientific community, Mesmer's ideas and techniques continued to influence the development of hypnosis. His followers, including the Marquis de Puysegur, refined the practice and focused more on the role of suggestion in inducing trance-like states. Mesmerism flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It became a popular form of entertainment and a subject of scientific investigation. It was often used as a treatment for hysteria and other conditions considered "nervous" at the time. Mesmer's legacy may have started with the controversial use of magnets, but it has transformed into a widely recognized and respected field of study and practice that continues to evolve and contribute to our understanding of the human mind.

Franz Anton Mesmer

James Braid (1795-1860) a Scottish surgeon coined the term "hypnotism" in 1841. He was initially skeptical of Mesmer's magnetic theories but became intrigued by the phenomenon. Braid demonstrated that hypnosis could be induced without the use of magnets and emphasized the importance of psychological factors, paving the way for modern hypnotherapy.

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), a French neurologist used hypnosis to study hysteria and other conditions. He introduced the idea of hypnosis as a state of heightened suggestibility and demonstrated that it could be used for therapeutic purposes.

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the father of psychoanalysis initially used hypnosis as a therapeutic tool. Although he later abandoned it in favor of his own methods, his work helped to integrate hypnosis into the broader field of psychology and medicine.

Milton H. Erickson (1901-1980) an American psychiatrist and psychologist is often considered the father of modern hypnotherapy. He developed a unique and indirect approach to hypnosis that emphasized the individual's potential for self-healing.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the study of hypnosis evolved, with contributions from various schools of thought and figures such as James Esdaile, James Braid, and Émile Coué. The work of these individuals and others has shaped the way we understand and practice hypnosis today. Hypnosis has found a place in contemporary medicine and psychotherapy, with the American Medical Association and the American Psychological Association both recognizing its potential therapeutic benefits. It is used to treat a wide range of conditions, including pain management, phobias, anxiety, and even as an aid in surgery and dentistry.

Ectoplasm

Ectoplasm is a term that originates from the field of the paranormal and psychical research, particularly in the context of spiritualism and the study of ghosts and spirits. It is typically described as a substance or energy that is believed to be exuded by physical mediums during séances or other spiritual activities. This substance is thought to be a manifestation of the spirit world that can interact with the physical world and is often associated with the appearance of ghosts or other supernatural entities. In the early 20th century, some spiritualists claimed that ectoplasm was a physical substance that could be photographed, and they presented various images as evidence of its existence. However, many of these images were later debunked as hoaxes, involving the use of cheesecloth, fabric, or other materials manipulated by the mediums. The concept of ectoplasm is not recognized by the scientific community as it lacks empirical evidence and does not conform to established scientific principles.

In summary, ectoplasm is a controversial and unscientifically validated concept from the realm of the supernatural, which is more commonly known today through its various fictional representations in popular culture.

Photograph shot by Harvey Metcalfe during a 1928 séance, revealing Duncan with dolls.

Helen Duncan was a Scottish medium who gained notoriety during the early 20th century for her alleged ability to produce ectoplasm during séances.Born on November 25, 1897, in Callander, Scotland, Helen Duncan grew up in a family with a history of spiritualism. She began holding séances at the age of 18, claiming to be able to communicate with the dead and to materialize spirits. Her mediumship career spanned several decades, and she became one of the most well-known mediums in the United Kingdom. In 1933, Duncan was the subject of a major investigation by the British press, which accused her of fraud. This led to her being tested by Harry Price, a prominent psychical researcher of the time, at the National Laboratory of Psychical Research. Although some of her performances were exposed as tricks, others remained unexplained.In 1944, she was the last person in the UK to be prosecuted under the Witchcraft Act of 1735, specifically for "pretending to exercise or use conjuration, witchcraft, enchantment, or other real or pretended supernatural power or knowledge." The information she was accused of revealing had supposedly come from the spirit of a deceased sailor, whose details she could not have known otherwise. Despite the Witchcraft Act being largely obsolete, it was used as a means to silence her and prevent her from conducting séances. Helen Duncan was found guilty and sentenced to nine months in prison.

Spirit Photography (See. Chapter 5 Spirit Photographs and Spirit Photographing)

A practice popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, spirit photography involved capturing images believed to show spirits or ectoplasm.

Spirit photography is a type of photography that emerged in the mid-19th century, particularly in the context of the spiritualist movement, which sought to provide evidence of the existence of ghosts or other supernatural entities. It involved the supposed capture of images of spirits on film. These photographs were typically taken using a double exposure technique, where a portrait of a living person was superimposed on a pre-existing photograph or background, or a second exposure was made with a hidden model, creating an illusion of a ghostly presence.

The spiritualist movement began in the 1840s and grew rapidly in the following decades, especially in the wake of the American Civil War and other periods of high mortality rates. Grieving individuals were eager to find ways to communicate with their deceased loved ones, and spirit photography offered a tangible, seemingly scientific means of doing so. Spirit photographers claimed to have the ability to capture the images of spirits that were invisible to the naked eye but could manifest themselves on photographic film.

One of the most famous spirit photographers was William Mumler, who became notorious for his images of deceased celebrities and ordinary people with their 'spirit' relatives. His career took off in the 1860s, and he managed to convince many that his photographs were genuine, despite accusations of fraud. Mumler's technique involved double exposing the glass plates used in the daguerreotype process, which allowed him to combine images of the living with those of the dead. Another well-known spirit photographer was the Englishman Frederick Hudson, who started his career in the 1870s. He was known for his more elaborate and convincing spirit photographs, which often included transparent figures interacting with the living. Hudson's work was so convincing that he was taken to court in 1872, but was acquitted of fraud.

As photography became more accessible and sophisticated, the number of spirit photographers increased. Some of the images were created innocently, with photographers believing in their own abilities, while others were deliberate hoaxes. However, the popularity of spirit photography began to wane in the early 20th century as the general public became more skeptical and the scientific community began to debunk the practice. Today, spirit photography is recognized as a form of historical curiosity rather than evidence of the supernatural. It serves as a reminder of the human desire to find proof of life after death and the ways in which technology can be manipulated to support belief systems. Modern photographers and enthusiasts often recreate the look of spirit photographs for artistic or entertainment purposes, using digital editing techniques to achieve similar effects.

Divination

Divination is a traditional set of methods of consulting divinity, a practice of seeking knowledge of the future or the unknown by supernatural or mystical means. It's an ancient art that has been used across various cultures and religions to gain insight into the past, present, and future events, or to communicate with spiritual entities or the divine. Here's a list of different methods of divination:

1.Tarot Cards: A set of 78 cards, typically used in the form of a spread to interpret symbolic messages and guide decision-making.

2.Crystal Ball Gazing: Using a crystal ball or other reflective surface to visualize the future.

3.Psychic Reading: Tapping into one's intuitive abilities or using tools like palm reading, aura reading, or mediumship to provide insight.

4.Astrology: Analyzing the positions of celestial bodies to predict events and personality traits.

5.Numerology: Studying the numerical values of names and birthdates to understand a person's character and forecast the future.

6.Pendulum: A weighted object on a string that swings to answer yes/no questions or indicate choices.

7. Runes: Ancient alphabetical symbols used for divination and communication with the gods in Norse and other Germanic cultures.

8.I Ching: An ancient Chinese oracle that uses a set of 64 hexagrams to answer questions about the future.

9.Crystals: Using the energy of crystals and gemstones to focus intentions or reveal information.

10.Tea Leaf Reading: Interpreting patterns in tea leaves to predict events.

11.Scrying: Gazing into a reflective surface such as water, a mirror, or crystal to receive visions or messages.

12.Dream Interpretation: Analyzing the symbolism in dreams to uncover hidden meanings or insights.

13.Ouija Board: A flat board with letters, numbers, and other symbols, used with a planchette to communicate with the spirit world.

14.Tarot Spreads: Specific arrangements of Tarot cards that provide a structured reading for different situations or questions.

15.Palmistry: Studying the lines and shape of the palm to divine one's fate and character.

16.Candle Magic: Using the color, shape, and movement of candle flames to predict the future.

17.Automatic Writing: Allow a spirit or the subconscious mind to communicate through writing without conscious thought.

18.Divining Rods: Using rods or sticks to locate water, minerals, or answer yes/no questions.

19.Ceromancy: Reading the shapes formed by melted wax in water to predict the future.

20.Scrying Mirror: Gazing into a mirror in a darkened room to receive visions or messages from the beyond.

21.Geomancy: Interpreting patterns made by tossing handfuls of soil or sand, or by drawing lines and dots in the earth.

22.Cartomancy: Using a regular deck of playing cards for fortune telling.

23.Lithomancy: Divination by casting or reading the patterns of stones or gems.

24.Astragalomancy: Using knuckle bones or dice to answer questions.

25.Pyromania: Interpreting the flame patterns, crackling sounds, and smoke of a fire to foretell events.

26.Cleromancy: Drawing lots, such as stones or bones, to obtain a random selection for interpretation.

27.Oracular Seidr: A form of Norse shamanism involving trance states and prophetic visions.

28.Bibliomancy: Opening a book at random and interpreting a passage or sentence as a prophetic message.

29.Rune Stones: Throwing a set of inscribed stones to reveal the future or uncover hidden knowledge.

30.Celestial Divination: Interpreting the movement of stars, planets, and other celestial bodies.

Remember, while divination can be fascinating and entertaining, the accuracy and reliability of these methods are subjective and can vary greatly

Tasseography

Tasseography, also known as tasseomancy or reading tea leaves, is a form of divination that involves interpreting patterns in tea leaves, coffee grounds, or wine sediments to predict the future or gain insights into a person's life. The practice has its origins in the ancient Middle East, where people would read omens in the residues of their drinks. It became particularly popular in Europe, especially in the 17th century, and remains a cultural tradition in many societies, including those in England, Ireland, and Eastern Europe.